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(No Model.)

11 Sheets-Sheet 1. T. R. JOHNSTON. PRINTING PRESS FEEDER.

No. 462,136. Patented Oct. 27, 1891.

(No Mpdel.) 11 SheetsSheet 2. T R JOHNSTON PRINTING PRESS FEEDER.

Patented Oct. 27, 1891.

FIG. 2

FIG-.8.

(No Model.) 11 Sheets-Sheet 3.

T. R, JOHNSTON. PRINTING PRESS EEEEEE.

No. 462,136. Patented 001. 27, 1891..

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(No Model.) 11 Sheets-Sheet 4. T. R. JOHNSTON.

PRINTING PRESS FEEDER. No. 462,136. Patented Oct. 27, 1891 I F|G.5 I 12I s I Ed m; News PETERS co, mow-mac, wnswmcmn, at 1:4

(No Model.) 11 Sheets-Sheet 5.

T. R. JOHNSTON. PRINTING PEEss FEEDER.

No. 462,136. Patented 001;. 27, 1891.

FIG.6 FIG-7 (No Model.) 11 Sheets-Sheet 6.-

T. R. JOHNSTON. I

PRINTING PRESS FEEDER.

No. 462,136. Patented Oct. 27, 1891. [6, &e yo;

FIG.19 FIGJT E v Flczs Q (No Model.) 11 Sheets-Sheet 7. T. R. JOHNSTON.

PRINTING PRESS FEEDER.

N0. 462,136. Patented Oct. 27, 1891.

177%. fihmiam (No Mudel.) I 11 Sheets-Sheet 8.

. T. R. JOHNSTON.

PRINTING PRESS FEEDER. No. 462336. Patented Oct. 27, 1891.-

(No Model.) 11 Sheets-Sheet 9.

R. JOHNSTON. PRINTING PRESS FEEDER.

No. 462,136. Patented Oct. 27, 1891.

(No Model.) 1 11 Sheets-Sheet 10. T..R. JOHNSTON. PRINTING PRESS FEEDER.

No. 462,136. Patented Oct. 27, 1891.

FIG.24- -FlG.23

(No Model.) 11 Sheets-Sheet 11.

T. R. JOHNSTON.

PRINTING PRESS FEEDER. No. 462,136. Patented 9ot. 27, 1891.

PATENT union.

THOMAS RUDDIMAN JOHNSTON, OF LONDON, ENGLAND.

PRINTING-PRESS FEEDER.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 462,136, dated October27, 1891.

Application filed May 2, 1889. Serial No. 309,368. (No model.) Patentedin France May 10, 1889, Nol98,129; in Belgium May 10 1889, No. 88,192;in Germany May 10,1889, No. 50,509; in Victoria August 9, 1889, No.6,989; in New South Wales August 12, 1889, No. 1,622; in Austria-HungarySeptember 5, 1889, No. 20,920, and in England April 15, 1890,1lo.

To aZZ whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, THOMAS RUDDIMAN JOHNSTON, map-publisher, a subjectof the Queen of Great Britain, residing at 20 Chan terhouse Square, inthe county of Middlesex, England,have invented certain new and usefulImprovements in Printing-Press Feeders, part of which improvements isalso applicable to separating sheets of paper from a pile or piles forother purposes, of which the following is a pecification.

This invention is embodied in the following patents: in Great Britain,No. 1,461, of 1889, sealed April 15, 1890; in France, No. 198,129, datedMay 10, 1889; in Belgium, No. 86,192, dated May 10, 1889; in Germany,No. 50,509, dated May 10, 1889; in Austria-Hungary, No. 20,920, datedSeptember 5, 1889; in New South \Vales, No. 1,622, dated August 12,1889, and in Victoria, No. 6,089, dated August 0, 1889.

In separating sheets of paper from a pile and feeding them to variousmachines pneuinatic lifters or separators have been employed, which havebeen caused to descend onto the pile, and then by suction separate andlift the top sheet, and in some cases the said pneumatic lifter orseparator has been also the conveyer or feeder, while in other cases thepneumatic lifter has raised the top sheet a short distance and travelinggrippers have then seized such sheet and carried and delivered it to thedesired position. These pneumatic lifters or separators and feeders aretroublesome and expensive and are found frequently to fail in action;audit is the ob ,ject of my invention to provide a cheap and reliablesubstitute for such pneumatic apparatus. For this purpose I construct alifter, separator, or feeder with one or more holders or receptacles, inwhich I fix blocks of what is known as printers roller composition, orother like slightly adhesive preparation, which, while beingsufficiently adhesive to insure the seizing and lifting of a sheet ofpaper, is not moist enough to leave any trace of it on the paper. Theseblocks of slightlyadhesive material slightly project from the face ofthe holders, and the latter are provided with means for effecting thisadjustment.

In applying my invention to power-driven over-fed printing-machines myobject is to do mechanically, and by power transmitted through theprintingmachine itself, what is at present manually done by thefeederviz., to bring down from a heap single sheets of paper and feedeach one at the proper time into the grippers of the printing-cylinder,every sheet occupying when gripped exactly the same position in relationto the printingcylinder.

The apparatus and parts connected with it are constructed and operatedsomewhat as follows: The upper part of the sloping portion of thefeeding-board is removed and a box is inserted for holding the paper,the upper edges of which are flush with the face of the lower portion ofthe feeding-board. The inner face of the lower side of this boX isparallel with the printing-cylinder gripper, and the inner face of oneof the sides of the box is not only at right angles with the lower side,but corresponds in position to that of a fixed side lay. The paper beingplaced in the box, the edge of every sheet resting against the lowerside of it, and that at right angles to it, the sheet-lifters fixed on abar come down and lift the uppermost sheet. These sheet-lifters, whenthey have lifted the sheet about a quarter of an inch clear of the box,stop for a short time, and the grippers of a sheet-carrier then restingabove take the sheet from the sheet-lifters, and the sheet-carriersubsequently conveys it down to the gripper of the printing-cylinder,which latter shortly afterward revolves and prints it, the sheet carrierreturning for another sheet, and so on.

In order that my said invention maybe more clearly understood andreadily carried into effect, I will proceed, aided by the accompanyingdrawings, more fully to describe the same.

In the drawings, Figure l is a side elevation representing my inventionapplied to a powerdriven lithographic machine, parts of which latter areshown by the dotted lines. Fig. 2 is an end elevation of the same. Fig.2* is a. detail view of portions shown in Fig. 2, but drawn to a largerscale. Fig. 3 is a side view,

and Fig. 4 is an end elevation, of that part of elevation.

the sheet-carrier which transmits the necessary motions to it. Fig. 5 isa detail plan,on an enlarged scale, Fig. 6 a sectional side view, andFig. 7 a front View, of one of the sheetlifters and parts connected withit. Figs. 8 and 9 are respectively edge views of parts 1 2, Fig. 10, ofthe cam 11 H showing the arrangement of the parts for causing thefriction-wheel of the lever of the sheet-litter bar to move from onepath of its cam to the other.

Fig. 10 shows the cams which move the sheet-- carrier and thesheet-lifter bar drawn to halffull size. Figs. 11 and 12 represent thesheetcarrier in two different positions of its grippers and drawn fullsize. Fig. 13 is a cross section of the cams which move the sheetcarrierand sheet-lifter bar. Fig. let is a side Fig. 15 is a back view, andFig. 16 is a front view, ofthe sheet-carrier grippers. Fig. 17 is a sideelevation. Fig. 18 is an end elevation, and Fig. 19 is a plan, of thecarrierbar andthe sheet carrier-lever movers fixed thereto. Fig. 20 is aside elevation, and Fig. 21 is a front elevation, of the flat bars withhooked ends of the sheetcarrier, which are acted on by the rubber bands.Fig. 22 is a plan of the sheet-carrying apparatus, having just receiveda sheet of paper at the paper-box and its grippers having closed upon itfor taking it down to the cylinder. This figure also shows thesheetcarrying apparatus returning to the paperbox when the lever P islying in the contrary direction. Fig. 23 is a plan of parts of thesheet-carrier. Fig. 24 is a side elevation of the mechanism which movesthe sheet-carrier, as seen when taking a sheet of paper from the box totho printing-cylinder. Fig. 25 is a front elevation, with parts brokenaway, of the stop pieces and connections, which, when desired, preventpaper from being lifted from the box. Fig. 26 is a section showing anedge view of the oscillating central piece or lever which connects thosestop-pieces, and Fig. 27 is an end elevation showing an edge View of oneof the stop-pieces. The sheet-carrier-lever movers are shown in theirnormal position at S and S in their position when opening the grippersat S and S and in their position when closing the grippers at S and S.

The arrow A points the direction in which the cylinder revolves when asheet is being printed, the cylinder remaining fixed when the stone isreturning and the racks of the stonebox are revolving the geared wheelsB C in the opposite direction.

The dotted lines B and C indicate, respectively, the tops and bottoms ofthe teeth of the Wheels which revolve the cylinder and are mounted onits shaft, and which also entirely give motion to the feeding apparatus.

D is a toothed wheel fixed on the shaft D and geared with one of theabove-mentioned cylinder-wheels B C, and E is a toothed pinion, alsofixed on the shaft D and giving motion to the toothed wheel F, on theshaft F of which the cams G and H are fixed. The

cam G gives motion to the levers which move the sheet-carrier up anddown the feeding board, and the double cam H works the levers which movethe sheet-lifter bar. The axles of these wheels, cams, and levers aresupported in a suitable frame J.

L is a holder or sheet-lifter containing a piece of theslightly-adhesive composition L of which letter-press inking-rollers aremade, or other like preparation, and by means of the screw L and plate Lthis composition can at all times be arranged so as to very slightlyproject from the edge of the holder at L. This holder L is fastened toabar L which stretches across the feeding-board, and has several suchholders secured at intervals to it. The ends of this bar L are mountedin iron supports K, having downward -extending slot K fixed to the boxX, containing the sheets of paper,and are prolonged downward Where theyare provided with circular projecting parts L, on which the levers M forraising and lowering the sheet-lifter bar L are mounted. Projections Land L at both ends of the sheet-lifter bar fit against the iron supportsK, and thereby prevent-any lateral movement on the part of this bar. Theiron supports K are secured to the paperbox in such a position thattheir inner faces are flush with the inner face of the side of the boxX. l

The mechanism for raising and lowering the sheet-lifter bar L with itssheet-lifters consists of the double cam H and H which, when it revolvesin the direction of the arrow H allows its portion I*l only to act onthe wheel M, and which, when it revolves in the direction of the arrowH", has only its portion H in contact with the same wheel, the cam G,which moves the levers of the sheetcarrier, and also the paths of theabove-mentioned double cam H H being shown in Fig. 10. Thefriction-wheel M is mounted in the end of the rod M and this at itslower end is in contact with the lever M which oscillates on the rod Mandis moved up and down in correspondence with the outline of the cam HH The sheet-lifterbar L being, either by its own weight or by means of aspring (not shown in the drawings,) inclined to descend into the box,the cam H H will more or less lift it, according as it acts on the wheelM. The cam-path H is so made that the levers M attached to the end L ofthe sheet-lifter bar, permit the latter to descend with itssheet-lifters L, when the previoussheet of paper taken down to thecylinder is being printed, and allow the sheet-lifters to fix themselvesto the next sheet, and the hollow in the cam-path H is such, as shown inH Fig. 10, that the sheet-lifter Lcan lift the last sheetin the box. Thecam then continu ing to revolve brings the sheet-lifter up again fromthe box until the sheet of paper comes to the position N, the portion ofthe cam-path marked H being then acting on the frictionwheel M. Thegrippers of the sheet-carrier then securethe sheet, as will be afterwarddescribed,and when this takes place the sheetlifter rises still fartherby means of the portion of the cam marked 11' to detach itself from thepapelyand then remains in this position while the sheet-carrieristakingthe sheet down to the cylinder-gripper. To cause thesheet-lifter bar to remain in its highest position and not come down onthe sheet of paper when it is being withdrawn from the box just beforethe cam commences its reverse movement, the wheel M leaves the path H ithas been following, as shown in Fig. 8, the spring H preventing itsreturn, and takes the other path H when the cam revolves in the contrarydirection. This cam-path H is of the full circumference of the cam, andthe wheel follows it until it comes to the spring H Figs. 9 and 10, whenit again changes to the path it first followed, the spring H againpreventing its return. As will be seen on reference to Fig- 8, when .thewheel M in traveling on the path H in the direction of the arrow on thatpath comes to the spring H the latter gives way and allows it to pass,but immediately afterward resumes the position shown in the drawings,thus compelling the wheel M,w-hen the cam commences to revolve in theopposite direction, to follow the path H As shown in Fig. 9, it againreturns to the path H in a similar manner. The wheel M" will pass moreor less into the hollow of the cam-path I-1',according to the amount ofpaper in the box; but the paperlifters will always reach the paper andthen be lifted up exactly to the grippers of the sheet-carrier. Thusshould the boX be full of paper and the sheet-lifters L be resting onthe topmost sheet, thelifterbar L to which they are attached will onlypermit its portion L to descend a verysmall distance. The lever M willconsequently act in a similar manner and allow the rod M ,with itsfrictionavheel M, to only partly ascend, and M will thus only slightlyenter the hollow H of the cam H, and the smaller the quantity of paperin the box the farther will M enter the hollow 1-1 The sheet-carrier,which takes the sheet of paper from the sheet-lifters L and conveys anddelivers it at Y to the gripper (not shown) of the printing-cylinder,consists, chiefly, of a rod 0, Figs. 2, 2*, 5, 14, 15, 16, 22, and 23,stretching across the feeding-board and having on it grippers 0 This rodis fixed to short brass tubes P, sliding on rods 0 fixed at its upperend at K" to the iron supports K of the sh eet-lifter bar, and at itslowerend to brackets O, fixed to the cross-bar O of the frame of themachine. The movements of the sheet-carrier correspond with themovements of the printing-cylinder and its gripper. It is carried up anddown the feeding-board by the action of the cam G and levers Q, and Q,as follows: The path of the friction-wheel Q of the L- lever Q is shownchiefly in Fig. 10, and this path is so designed that shortly after theprinting-cylinder begins to revolve the lever Q makes the lever Q movethe sheetcarrier, with its open grippers, up the feedingboard with agradually-increasing and then gradually-decreasing motion until itbrings its part P against the iron supports of the sheet-lifter at KAfter letting the sheetcarrier rest there for an instant, butsufficiently long to get the sheet of paper, it closes its grippers andthen brings the sheet-carrier, with the same movements repeated inreverse order, down to the printing-cylinder gripper, where it againrests, and the arm S opens the carrier-gripper and releases the sheet,as hereinafter described.

The grippers of the sheet-carrier are controlled as follows: The tubes Pslide on the rods 0 and the bar of the sheet-carrier is fixed at P tothe tube P. Through descending arms P attached to the tubes P, passes arod P and this rod also passes freely through the sheet-carrier grippersO at O, and to it are fixed the parts 0 of the grippers, so that whenthis rod is slightly turned in one direction "or. the other the grippersare opened or closed. On the end of this rod P are fixed levers P actedon by thelever-movers S and S as the sheet-carrier grippers arereceiving or delivering their sheet. On the wires P and P of the tubes Pare placed flat bars P and P with hooked ends, those pieces being heldin position by the strong rubber bands P and P Passing through thecenter of each of these flat pieces are wires S and S fixed to a bar Sand to which the levermovers S and S are fixed, and which has 1110- tioncommunicated to it through its projecting lever pins or studs S by thelever Q which is forked at its lower end Q. After the tube P is carriedto its highest position against the sheetdifter-bar support at K or itslowest position against the bracket 0 at O the lever Q continues to moveand carries the bar still farther upward or downward, and so brings thelever-movers S and S against the levers P; but as soon as the lever Qbegins to reverse its action the rubber bands 1? and P acting on thefiat bars P and P bring the bar S back to its central position, in whichthe lever-movers S and S do not come in contact with the lever P and Scontinues in this position during the upward and downward movement ofthe sheetcarrier, being only moved from it when the tubes P of thecarrier are arrested either above or below.

To describe the complete action of the ap paratus. The printing-cylinderhaving commenced to revolve with a sheet already supplied thereto, thesheet-carrier, with its connections S, P, and O,being all at theirlowest positions,remains thus for a time corresponding with the timegiven the cylinder-gripper to close, the movements produced by the camG, moving the levers of the sheet-carrier, being of course repeated inreverse order in the upward movement of the sheet-carriento what theywere in the downward, and then the lever Q beginning gradually to move,permits the rubber bands P and P to bring back the bar S until its partS comes against the flat bar P and the sheet-carrier-gripperleveropeners and closers S and S remain at each side of thesheet-carrier-gripper levers I without acting on them when thesheetcarrier is being moved upward. The lever Q continuing to act with agradually-quicker movement, and the cam H, which acts on the lever Mconnected to the sheet-lifter bar L coming now into play, thesheet-lifter bar is permitted to lower itself into the paper-box, whereits lifters L receive a sheet of paper, the cam 11, continuing to act,raises the sheetlifter bar to the position N as the sheet-carriergradually stops against its highest position K but though the carrierstops, the lever Q continues to act, and by pushing the end S of bar Sagainst the Hat bar P carrying the latter temporarily away from thestops P and P and allowing lever-mover S to come against the lever P ofthe sheet-carrier-gripper rod and move it so as to shut these grippers,this movement being assisted by the rubber bands R, fixed to the tube Pat P and to the levers of the sheet-carrier at P. The portion H of thecam H of the sheet-lifter then comes into action and raises thesheetlifter clearfrom the sheet of paper. Thefriction-wheel M having nowreached the campath H the sheet-lifter remains in this its highestposition during the complete downward movement of the sheet-carrier anduntil it again approaches it; but the movements given the carrier by itscam G through the levers Q and Q are now reversed, and the carrierbrought down with the sheet of paper to the cylinder-gripper, thecarrier then gradually stopping as it comes in contact with boss 0 onthe bracket 0 fixed to themachine-frame, and the lever Q continuing toact until it moves the fiat bar P away from stops P and P and so permitsthe lever-movers 'to push.

the lever P of the sheetcarrier grippers and so move 0 away from O andso leave the sheet of paper in the gripper of the printingcylinder,which then closes upon it. The shaft U, to which the levers Q are fixed,oscillates in the frames J at J and the smaller rod U also joins thesame levers together and steadies their movement.

The means used to adjust the movements of the lever Q are shown in Figs.1 and 2, and are as follows: \Vorking within the forked end of thelevers Q are crank-pins Q fixed in certain positions by the plates Q andQ sliding in the levers Q and jam-nuts Q If these bent pieces be movedto the right or left,they will correspondingly make the levers Q movefarther in one direction and less in the other than before. If, again,the plates Q and Q, to which the crank-pins are joined, be moved fartherup or down in thelevers Q the total movement of those levers will beincreased or decreased accordingly. If itis desired at any time to ceasefeeding paper to the printing-cylinder, whether the machine is runningor not, all that is necessary to accomplish this is to pull out thehandles V, Figs. 1, 2, 25, 26, and 27, when the stop-pieces Vconnectedwiththem, will prevent the levers M from descending, andtherefore the sheet-lifters cannot enter the paper-box. Thesheet-carrier may, however, continue to move up and down; but as ittakes no paper with it this does not matter. The stop-pieces V fromtheir shape can only come under thelevers M when the latter are full up,and therefore cannot cause any breakage of parts, which otherwise mightbe done. The pulling out of handle V at one side of the machine makes asimilar part to V come also out at the other side, the two parts beingjoined together by a third part or lever V which oscillates on itscenter, which is fixed to the middle of the lower side of thefeeding-box,

In all machines the rod M on which the lever M oscillates is carriedacross to the other side of the machine, where it moves another similarlever. In the larger machines the geared wheels for giving movement tothe cam G and the cam itself would be in duplicate, one set at each sideof the machine. All the other parts of the sheet-lifter and sheetcarrier and parts connected with them, though only shown as at one sideof the feedingboard, are also at the other side.

The use of slightly-adhesive material, hereinbefore referred to, is alsoapplicable in other cases where it is required to lift or separatesingle sheets of paper from a pile or piles of the same.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim, and desire to secureby Letters Patcut, is

l. The rising and falling sheet-lifting device for printing-machines,having flat-faced blocks of adhesive composition, independent holdersfor said blocks, and screws for adj usting the blocks relatively to theholders, substantially as set forth.

2. The rising and falling sheet lifting device for printing-machines,having flat faced blocks of adhesive compositiomand holders for saidblocks, said blocks being independ-' ently vertically adjustable,substantially as set forth.

The combination, with the carrier, of the pivoted lever Q forreciprocating said carrier, the lever Q for oscillating the lever Q andmeans, substantially as described, for oscillating said lever Q,substantially as set forth.

4. In a power-driven over-fed printing-machine, the combination, withthe feedingboard having a paper-box, of lifters arranged over saidpaper-box, the fixed rods 0 the traveling carrier having grippersmounted on said rods, lever-movers movable on the said rodsindependently of the grippers for operating the latter, stops at bothends of the said rods for arresting the movement of the carrier, thecams G H, and levers having bearing upon and operated by said cams andhav- ITO ing connection With said carrier and lifters,

respectively, substantially as set forth.

5. I11 a power-driven over-fed printing-machine, the combination, withthe feedingboard having a paper-box, of lifters arranged over saidpaper-box, the fixed rod 0 the carrier mounted to reciprocate on saidrod, grippers carried by said carrier, a lever for opening and .closingsaid grippers, lever-movers for operating said lever, an elastic mediumadapted to hold said lever-movers normally out of contact with saidlever, a boss or stop at each end of rod 0 for forcing said leveragainst said lever-movers, the cams G H, and levers and arms connectingsaid cams with said carrier, and lifters whereby thelatter are operated,substantially as set forth.

(5. In an over-fed printing-machine,the combination, with thefeeding-board having a paper-box, of lifters arranged over said box, therod 0 the carrier mounted to slide on said rod, grippers secured to saidcarrier, a lever for opening and closing said grippers, a bar S",mounted to slide on said carrier, having a lever-mover on both sides ofsaid lever, an elastic medium acting upon said bar S for holding saidlever-movers normally out of contact with said lever, a stop or boss atboth ends of the bar 0 adapted to arrest the movement of the carrier, anelastic medium for holding the grippers in the position in which thelever-movers place them, the lever Q connected to said bar 8'', and camsfor imparting motion to said lever Q and to said lifters, substantiallyas set forth.

7. In an over-fed printing-machine, the corn bination, with thefeeding-board having a paper-box, of lifters arranged over said box, therod 0 the carrier mounted to slide on said rod, grippers connected tosaid carrier, a lever for opening and closing said grippers, an elasticband for holding said lever at the extremity of its movement in eitherdirection, the bar 8, mounted on and having a limited movementindependent of said carrier and provided With the lever-movers S" S thecrossbars P P the rods S S, passing through said cross-bars and the barS elastic bands connecting said cross-bars, stops for limiting themovement of said cross-bars toward each other, the arm or lever Qconnected to said bar S, a stop or boss at both ends of the bar 0 forarresting the movement of the carrier, and cams for imparting motion tosaid lever Q and to said lifters, substantially as set forth.

8. In an over-fed printing-machine, the combination, with the liftersand carrier having grippers, of the cam G for operating the carrier, thecam H, having a double path, a rod connected with the lifters foroperating them and adapted to bear in either of said paths, andspring-switches arranged in said paths for guiding said lever from oneto the other, substantially as set forth.

9. The combination of the slotted supports K, the bar L extending acrossthe machine and having its ends fitting in the slots of said supportsvertically adjustable, adhesive blocks L secured at intervals to saidbar and adapted to descend uponthepaper,and means, substantially asdescribed, for elevating said bar, substantially as set forth.

10. The combination of the slotted supports K, the bar L having its endsfitting in said slots and provided With the guides L L and journals L",the adhesive blocks L, secured to said bar, the shaft M, levers mountedupon said shaft and engaging said journals, and means, substantially asdescribed, for oscillating said levers, substantially as set forth.

11. The combination of the bar L supports and guides for preventinglateral movement of said bar, the holders secured to said bar, theadhesive blocks arranged in said holders and adapted to rest upon thepaper, screws in said holders having bearing on and adjustin g saidblocks, and means for raising the said bar, substantially as set forth.

12. The combination, with the feedingboard having a paper-box and thepaper-lifters mounted to rise and fall in said box, of the levers M foroperating said litters and stops for engaging under said levers andholding said lifters aloof, substantially as set forth.

13. The combination, With the feedingboard having a paper-box and thepaper-lifters mounted to rise and fall in said box, of the cam H, havingthe depression II, the lever M for operating the said lifters, the arm Mhaving bearing at one end against said cam and engaging said lever atthe other, and a sliding stop adapted tohold the lifters inoperative,substantially as set forth.

THOMAS RUDDIMAN JOHNSTON.

Witnesses:

CLAUDE K. MILLs, JOHN D. VENN.

